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The plaintiff knew of the danger and voluntarily exposed themselves to it.
Every person who, contrary to law, wilfully or negligently causes damage to another, shall indemnify the latter for the same.
Under the Civil Code, which De Leon annotates, there are several types of damages often summarized by the mnemonic : Moral: For physical suffering, mental anguish, or fright.
De Leon defines negligence as the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons, of the time, and of the place (Article 1173). The Bonus Paterfamilias Standard
These are primarily contractual. The parties agree in advance on a specific sum to be paid in case of breach. De Leon notes that courts can reduce liquidated damages if they are "iniquitous or unconscionable."
The law protects persons from unfair dealings. De Leon discusses , which govern Human Relations (e.g., respecting the rights of others, preventing abuse of rights, and protecting privacy). B. Vicarious Liability (Article 2180)
As defined in De Leon, a quasi-delict is an act or omission that causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence, and no pre-existing contractual relation between the parties is necessary. But here, a contract existed. Yet, Rico’s negligence—speeding through a yellow light on Taft Avenue to beat the clock—caused the truck to swerve. The box flew off the seat, and the vase shattered into forty-seven pieces.
₱300,000 for Mrs. Sandoval’s emotional trauma.
The duty of care was breached. The proximate cause of the loss? Not the swerve alone, but the initial omission: the failure to use the custom crate. As De Leon writes, the defendant is liable for all damages that are the natural and probable consequences of the act or omission.
Generally, the injury must not arise from the breach of a technical contract (though modern jurisprudence recognizes that a breach of contract can also constitute a tort if done in bad faith). 2. The Concept of Negligence
by Hector S. De Leon and Hector M. De Leon Jr. is a cornerstone text for Philippine law students and practitioners. True to the De Leon style, the book is prized for its systematic breakdown of complex civil law concepts into digestible parts. Key Strengths
of the defendant (or a person for whom the defendant is responsible).
Corrective damages intended to set an example for the public good.
The plaintiff knew of the danger and voluntarily exposed themselves to it.
Every person who, contrary to law, wilfully or negligently causes damage to another, shall indemnify the latter for the same.
Under the Civil Code, which De Leon annotates, there are several types of damages often summarized by the mnemonic : Moral: For physical suffering, mental anguish, or fright.
De Leon defines negligence as the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons, of the time, and of the place (Article 1173). The Bonus Paterfamilias Standard torts and damages de leon
These are primarily contractual. The parties agree in advance on a specific sum to be paid in case of breach. De Leon notes that courts can reduce liquidated damages if they are "iniquitous or unconscionable."
The law protects persons from unfair dealings. De Leon discusses , which govern Human Relations (e.g., respecting the rights of others, preventing abuse of rights, and protecting privacy). B. Vicarious Liability (Article 2180)
As defined in De Leon, a quasi-delict is an act or omission that causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence, and no pre-existing contractual relation between the parties is necessary. But here, a contract existed. Yet, Rico’s negligence—speeding through a yellow light on Taft Avenue to beat the clock—caused the truck to swerve. The box flew off the seat, and the vase shattered into forty-seven pieces. The plaintiff knew of the danger and voluntarily
₱300,000 for Mrs. Sandoval’s emotional trauma.
The duty of care was breached. The proximate cause of the loss? Not the swerve alone, but the initial omission: the failure to use the custom crate. As De Leon writes, the defendant is liable for all damages that are the natural and probable consequences of the act or omission.
Generally, the injury must not arise from the breach of a technical contract (though modern jurisprudence recognizes that a breach of contract can also constitute a tort if done in bad faith). 2. The Concept of Negligence De Leon defines negligence as the omission of
by Hector S. De Leon and Hector M. De Leon Jr. is a cornerstone text for Philippine law students and practitioners. True to the De Leon style, the book is prized for its systematic breakdown of complex civil law concepts into digestible parts. Key Strengths
of the defendant (or a person for whom the defendant is responsible).
Corrective damages intended to set an example for the public good.
Mail：eastups@eastups.com
Hotline：+86 769 22898802
© The Bridge 2026. All Rights Reserved.
